Cisco 350-501 Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (350-501 SPCOR) Exam Practice Test

R1

router ospf 10

redistribute static

int et0/0

ip ospf hello-interval 5

ip ospf dead-interval 10

ip ospf cost 15

ip ospf 10 area 0

copy run start

R2

router ospf 10

redistribute static

int et0/0

ip ospf hello-interval 5

ip ospf dead-interval 10

ip ospf cost 15

ip ospf 10 area 0

copy run start

 DWDM, or Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing, uses different wavelengths of light to combine multiple optical signals. This method allows for the transmission of various data streams simultaneously over a single optical fiber. By using closely spaced wavelengths, DWDM can fit more channels onto a single fiber, significantly increasing the capacity and efficiency of fiber-optic networks.

References: The explanation is based on the information available from the web search results on DWDM, which aligns with the principles outlined in the Cisco Service Provider source book. 

MPLS traffic-engineering tunnels can be configured with dynamic paths or explicitly defined paths across the core network. Tunnel links inherit IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol) metrics by default unless overridden by configurations that specify explicit paths or other criteria for path selection. Dynamic path tunnels use IGP metrics and other parameters like bandwidth availability for automatic path calculation. References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies source documents or study guide

RSVP-TE Fast Reroute (FRR) is a mechanism that provides protection switching for MPLS TE LSPs. The Point of Local Repair (PLR) will prefer to use a next-hop (NHOP) backup tunnel over a next-next-hop (NNHOP) backup tunnel when both are available. This preference is due to the fact that NHOP backup tunnels can provide faster rerouting around the failure point, minimizing traffic disruption and packet loss.

References: The information is based on the RSVP-TE FRR deployment considerations from the Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) course materials.

The command “traceroute mpls ipv4 10.20.0.1/32 ttl 4” is used to trace the route that packets take to get from the source to the destination in an MPLS network, specifically for IPv4 addresses with a maximum of 4 hops (Time To Live). This command will provide information on all labels and hop-by-hop IP addresses for the specified destinations, meeting the requirements stated in the question.

References := For more detailed information, you can refer to the Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies training, which covers the configuration, verification, troubleshooting, and optimization of Service Provider IP network infrastructures, including MPLS operations

 To meet the scalability and service recovery requirements, the network engineer should implement BGP PIC core functionality on routers R2 and R3 (Option A). This will enhance the convergence time during a failure. Additionally, establishing BGP connectivity between routers R1 and R4 with VPNv4 address family enabled (Option C) will facilitate MPLS services across multiple IGP domains.

References :=

• Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies
• On-Demand E-Learning for Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies

 The TTL security mechanism is used to protect a router from receiving BGP sessions that are not originated from the expected peer. It drops incoming TCP segments whose TTL value is not equal to or greater than the expected minimum value, thus helping in preventing DoS attacks that could be initiated from an unauthorized source pretending to be a legitimate BGP peer. References := Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies

The correct configuration for deploying VRF on ASBR router R1 to have connectivity over an MPLS VPN inter-AS Option AB network is found in option C. This involves configuring the interface with the commands shown, including setting the interface ethernet, applying IP VRF forwarding, and enabling MPLS BGP forwarding. These steps ensure that the interface is properly configured for VRF and can support MPLS VPN inter-AS communications effectively. References := Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies

To ensure that critical, time-sensitive data from the server on R1 to the host on R3 is always prioritized, especially during congestion, the network engineer should implement a Quality of Service (QoS) strategy that uses strict priority queuing. This QoS mechanism ensures that traffic marked as high priority is transmitted first, while other traffic may be queued or dropped if necessary. Strict priority queuing is designed for scenarios exactly like this, where certain traffic must be guaranteed bandwidth to meet time-sensitive requirements. References := For more detailed information on QoS strategies and classification, refer to the Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) course materials, specifically the sections discussing QoS mechanisms and their implementation in service provider networks. Additionally, Cisco’s official documentation on QoS provides comprehensive guidelines on configuring and applying strict priority queuing to ensure bandwidth for critical traffic.

 Enabling MPLS LDP IGP Synchronization ensures that the IGP advertises a route only if there is a corresponding label binding from LDP. This synchronization helps prevent blackholing traffic when there is a direct link failure in the network. When the B-C link failed, the IGP could find an alternate path via routers E and F, but without LDP synchronization, the labels for MPLS were not available on this new path, leading to traffic loss. By enabling LDP IGP Synchronization, routers will only use paths for which a complete set of labels exists, ensuring label forwarding occurs on the alternate path.

References: The information provided is based on the Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) course materials, which cover the configuration, verification, troubleshooting, and optimization of Service Provider IP network infrastructures, including MPLS LDP IGP Synchronization

 The show command output indicates that the BGP neighbor is in an Idle state, which means the BGP session has not been established. Additionally, it mentions “eBGP neighbor with no inbound or outbound policy; defaults to ‘drop’”. This implies that in the absence of specific policies for route advertisement and acceptance, the default action is to drop all routes. Therefore, no routes are accepted from the neighbor 192.168.2.2, nor are any routes advertised to it, aligning with option C. References: = Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies course materials.

The command PE-A(config-pmap-c)#set dscp ef is used to apply DSCP marking to the traffic matched by the class-map. DSCP marking is a part of QoS policy to prioritize traffic. The ‘ef’ (Expedited Forwarding) value is commonly used for voice traffic to ensure it receives high priority and low delay through the network.

References: For more information, refer to the QoS section in the Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) course materials.

The issue of no LDP neighbor existing for 1.1.1.1 between two directly connected routers could be due to R2 not receiving any hellos from R1. In the context of LDP (Label Distribution Protocol), hellos are used for the discovery of LDP peers. They are sent periodically on each interface that LDP is enabled on to discover and maintain LDP sessions with neighbors. If R2 is not seeing any hellos from R1, it means there’s a failure in the initial step of establishing an LDP session, hence no neighbor relationship is formed.

References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies source documents or study guide can provide more insights into the workings and troubleshooting steps for LDP protocol.

• Option B: Internet routing through global routing on a PE router means that the PE router performs global routing for internet traffic. This allows the PE router to handle both L3VPN traffic and internet traffic.
• Option D: Leaking internet routes from the global table into the L3VPN VRF allows the L3VPN customers to access the internet via the same MPLS backbone. The PE router imports internet routes into the L3VPN VRF, enabling internet access for VPN customers.

In OSPF, the election of the designated router (DR) and backup designated router (BDR) is based on the OSPF network type. The network types include:

• Broadcast: This is the default network type for Ethernet interfaces. In a broadcast network, OSPF elects a DR and BDR. All other routers become DROTHERs. To prevent the election of a DR/BDR, you can configure the interface as non-broadcast (NBMA) using the ip ospf network non-broadcast command.
• Point-to-Point: This network type is used for point-to-point links (e.g., serial links). There is no DR/BDR election in point-to-point networks.
• Point-to-Multipoint: This network type is used for point-to-multipoint links (e.g., Frame Relay). There is no DR/BDR election in point-to-multipoint networks.
• Point-to-Multipoint Non-Broadcast: Similar to point-to-multipoint, but explicitly configured as non-broadcast. There is no DR/BDR election in point-to-multipoint non-broadcast networks.
• Loopback: Loopback interfaces are always treated as point-to-point.
• Virtual-Link: Used for OSPF virtual links.
• Sham-Link: Used for OSPF sham links.
• Demand Circuit: Used for demand circuits (e.g., ISDN).
• Non-Broadcast: Explicitly configured as non-broadcast. There is no DR/BDR election in non-broadcast networks.

References:

• Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) v1.0
• Cisco Learning Network Store - SPCOR Training

Ansible is widely recognized as a robust network automation tool that facilitates provisioning, configuration, and management of network devices. It uses simple, human-readable YAML syntax for its playbooks, making it easy to define tasks and orchestrate workflows for automated network operations1.

 RSVP (Resource Reservation Protocol) is used in MPLS Traffic Engineering (TE) tunnels to establish and maintain paths within the core network. It helps in reserving resources across an IP network and plays a crucial role in ensuring that the network can handle the traffic load efficiently, providing optimal data transfer paths while maximizing network resource utilization and quality of service. References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies source documents or study guide

 The ip igmp join-group command is used on a router interface to simulate the presence of an IGMP host for a specific multicast group. By issuing the command ip igmp join-group 239.10.10.10, the router is configured to join the multicast group 239.10.10.10 and will receive multicast traffic for this group. This is useful for testing or when the router itself needs to receive the multicast stream.

References: The correct configuration for joining a multicast group is outlined in the Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) course materials

 MPLS LDP (Label Distribution Protocol) is used for label distribution in MPLS networks. When making changes to the LDP configuration, it’s essential to ensure that the changes do not disrupt existing LDP sessions. In this scenario, the network administrator implemented MPLS LDP changes on the PE-A LSR (Label Switching Router) device, and the goal is to prevent any disruption to LDP peers.

The MPLS LDP Non-Stop Routing (NSR) feature allows LDP sessions to survive control-plane switchover events without interruption. When NSR is enabled, the LDP session state information is synchronized between the active and standby control planes. If the active control plane fails, the standby control plane takes over seamlessly, and LDP sessions continue without interruption.

Cisco MPLS Traffic Engineering (TE) tunnels necessitate a link-state routing protocol like OSPF or IS-IS because these protocols use Shortest Path First (SPF) calculations. The tunnel endpoints leverage these SPF calculations to implement the tunnel, ensuring an efficient and optimized path through the network. This is essential for MPLS TE, which aims to optimize network resource utilization and improve traffic distribution across the network.

References: Cisco Community, Cisco Documentation

• PE-2 should import the OSPF route from the global routing table into the CUSTOMER-ABC VRF. This allows the VRF to have internet reachability.
• The configuration should include an import route-target statement under the VRF configuration on PE-2. The route target should match the one used by CE-1 to advertise the default route (0.0.0.0/0) to PE-1.

References:

• Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) study guide or official documentation.

To view login history for users who activated a session, the network administrator can use the show netconf-yang sessions command. This command provides information about active NETCONF/YANG sessions, including the login times for each user.

References:

• Cisco Community - Any command to see login history using CLI
• WinTips.org - How to View User Login History in Windows 10/11
• nixCraft - Linux Display Date And Time Of Login

The configuration shown in the exhibit is used to disable IP directed-broadcasts on a specific interface of a network device. This is typically done to mitigate smurf attacks, which involve sending a large amount of ICMP echo (ping) traffic to IP broadcast addresses, all having a spoofed source address of the victim’s IP. By disabling IP directed-broadcasts, the network device will not forward packets that are sent to broadcast addresses, thus mitigating this type of DDoS attack. References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) - Module on Security in the Service Provider Network

The issue is occurring in OSPF stub area 100 where the Ethernet link is down between routers RX and RY due to a cut fiber, leading to dropped traffic from CE site A to the hub site. Changing the OSPF area 100 type to stub on RZ can resolve these issues. In a stub area, OSPF routers use a default route to forward traffic to destinations outside the area, reducing the size of their routing tables. This would allow traffic from CE site A to be routed through RZ when the direct link between RX and RY is down.

References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) - Cisco SPCOR Training

 MPLS TE tunnels are designed to optimize the flow of network traffic by mapping it onto specific paths based on resource requirements. Two key characteristics of MPLS TE tunnels are:

• RSVP for Bandwidth Reservation: MPLS TE tunnels use the Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) to reserve the necessary bandwidth for the tunnel, ensuring that the required resources are available for the data that will flow through it12.
• Unidirectional Flow: These tunnels are unidirectional, meaning they are established from a source to a destination and do not inherently support traffic in the reverse direction. This is because each MPLS TE tunnel is associated with a label-switched path (LSP) that is specifically set up for traffic flowing in one direction

The configuration shown is for the head-end router of a Cisco MPLS TE tunnel with segment routing. This setup involves commands related to segment routing and MPLS traffic engineering tunnels, such as “mpls traffic-eng tunnels”, “segment-routing mpls”, and “segment-routing prefix-sid-map advertise-local”. These commands configure the head-end router to effectively create and manage TE tunnels using segment routing. References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) - Cisco SPCOR Training & Certification.

 NSO, or Network Services Orchestrator, provides full lifecycle management of devices and services in a network. It is designed to automate the service lifecycle from design and creation through deployment and decommissioning, without the need for manual intervention. This includes configuration, activation, updating, and ultimately, removal of services.

References: The role of NSO is detailed in the Cisco Crosswork Network Services Orchestrator (NSO) documentation

The configuration in the exhibit shows a route policy named “ciscotest”. According to this policy, if the destination is in acl10, then the traffic will pass without any changes. However, if the destination is not in acl10 (else condition), then the local preference will be set to 300 before it passes through. This means option C is correct as it states that if traffic matches acl10, it’s allowed without any change to its local-preference; otherwise (if not matching acl10), its local-preference is set to 300.

The correct configuration to apply to the ASN 65001 border router is Option C. This configuration uses a route policy named PEER-AS65002-IN, which is applied to incoming routes from ASN 65002. The policy denies routes that have traversed 10 or more ASNs or have looped through ASN 65001. It also assigns a community value of 65001:200 to routes matching the prefix 2001:db8:aaaa::/48, which aligns with the conditions specified.

References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR v1.0); Cisco SPCOR Training & Certification.

 The number 2 in the configuration “snmp-server community ciscotest ro 2” is significant because it refers to the numeric name of the Access Control List (ACL) that contains the list of SNMP managers with access to the agent. In this context, “ro” stands for read-only, meaning that SNMP managers listed in ACL 2 can only read data from the SNMP agent but cannot modify it. The ACL defines which IP addresses are allowed to access SNMP data. References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies source documents or study guide

• The BGPsec framework is designed to secure the AS path information in BGP updates. It uses digital signatures to validate the AS path and prevent unauthorized route manipulation. Here are the key points related to BGPsec:

• Securing AS Path:
• Private Keys and Router Key Pair:
• Expiration Time:

In summary, BGPsec enhances BGP security by securing the AS path using digital signatures and private keys. It does not rely on IPsec tunnels for security1.

References:

• Cisco. (2021). Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) v1.0. Cisco Learning Services.
• Cisco. (2021). Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) v1.1. Cisco Learning Network Store.
• Cisco. (2021). BGPsec Overview. Link

The primary role of a BR (Border Relay) router in a 6rd (IPv6 Rapid Deployment) environment is to connect the CE (Customer Equipment) routers with the IPv6 network. The BR router de-encapsulates IPv6 packets that are encapsulated in IPv4 packets from the CE routers and forwards them to the IPv6 internet. This process is stateless and allows for high availability and load balancing by potentially having more than one BR router configured with the same IPv4 address (anycast), so CE routers are routed to the closest BR router12.

References:

• NetworkLessons.com, “IPv6 6RD (Rapid Deployment)”
• RFC 5969, “IPv6 Rapid Deployment on IPv4 Infrastructures (6rd) – Protocol Specification”

The issue is that router R2 is not installing the network 172.16.33.1/32 in the routing table due to an incorrect access list configuration. The correct answer is option C, which will allow the network to be installed in the routing table by permitting addresses from 172.16.33.0 to 172.16.33.255 with a wildcard mask of 0.0.0.255.

The current access list on R2, “access-list 1 permit 172,16,32,0 0,0,0,255”, only permits addresses from the range of 172,16,32,0 to 172,16,32,255 due to its wildcard mask of “0,.0,.0,.255”. This does not include the address “172,.16,.33,.1”.

References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) study guide or course materials available on Cisco’s official website or authorized training partners.

 Both options provide a default route pointing to CE-1, allowing CE-2 to access the internet. The specific choice would depend on additional context or requirements not provided in the question.

References:

• Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) study materials.

• References:

To redirect traffic from ASN 64501 to 10.0.0.0/8 via the primary link North_A instead of the slow backup link North_B, setting a higher local preference between North_A and South_A is required. Local preference is a BGP attribute that helps in selecting the exit point from an AS (Autonomous System). By increasing local preference for routes received on North_A, traffic will be directed through this path as it becomes more preferred. References := Cisco Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR)

To ensure that a router advertises only networks with a prefix mask length less than or equal to 21 to its BGP neighbor, the correct configuration is Option A. This involves applying a prefix list that permits updates for networks with the specified prefix length. The prefix list acts as a filter for outgoing route advertisements in BGP, ensuring that only routes that match the criteria are advertised to the neighbor.

If RC is a stub router in an OSPF network, it requires a default route to be injected so that it can send traffic outside the OSPF domain. In OSPF, stub routers do not have any routes external to the OSPF domain in their routing tables. To allow these routers to reach networks outside of their OSPF domain, a default route should be injected into the stub area by the Area Border Router (ABR). This allows all routers in the stub area, including RC, to forward traffic for unknown destinations to the ABR, which then forwards it appropriately. References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies source documents or study guide

The PSID plays a crucial role in segment routing, allowing efficient forwarding of packets along predefined paths.

For more detailed information, please refer to the official Cisco documentation on Segment Routing and IPv6. Unfortunately, I cannot directly cite specific pages from the provided resources, but you can find relevant details in the Cisco documentation.

The issue described indicates that the preferred BGP path for traffic destined to 192.168.1.1/32 is not being used. By applying a route-map with a higher Local Preference (LP) on R1 for the prefix 192.168.1.1/32, the BGP path attributes can be manipulated to prefer the path through R2. Local Preference is a BGP attribute that determines the preferred exit path out of an AS. A higher Local Preference value is preferred over a lower one. Therefore, configuring the route-map High-LP with a higher Local Preference on R1’s BGP peering with R2 will influence the BGP path selection process, ensuring that traffic for 192.168.1.1/32 prefers the path R3-R2-R1 as expected.

References: The solution utilizes the BGP path selection process and the manipulation of BGP attributes, as taught in the Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) course

The configuration creates a class map named WEB which is used to match HTTP traffic. This class map can then be referenced in a policy map to define specific actions for traffic that matches the criteria, such as applying QoS policies or traffic shaping.

References: This concept is covered in the Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) course, where class maps and policy maps are discussed in the context of traffic classification and policy enforcement.

The core component of MDT that describes the data streamed to a collector is the encoder. In the context of Microsoft Deployment Toolkit (MDT), the encoder is not explicitly mentioned; however, the concept aligns with the process of creating and capturing images of operating systems, which involves encoding or compiling the necessary data into a deployable image.

The full separation model for Internet access and MPLS L3VPN services is chosen to enable EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol) and IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol) to operate independently. In this model, the internet access and MPLS L3VPN services are fully separated, ensuring that the two networks do not interfere with each other’s operation. This separation enhances network security, performance, and manageability. References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies source documents or study guide

asr900/m_ce_802_1ad_900.html

 The correct route policy to satisfy the requirements is Option C. This option likely contains the necessary commands to:

• Accept only customer-assigned prefixes, which can be specified using an access list or prefix list.
• Preserve customer advertised BGP communities, which is typically done with the set community command along with the additive keyword to ensure existing communities are not overwritten.
• Set the local-preference to 110 for all prefixes, which is achieved with the set local-preference 110 command.
• Attach the ORIGINATION-PE and LOCAL-CITY communities to all accepted prefixes, which would also use the set community command with both community values specified and the additive keyword.

References: The Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) training materials provide detailed information on BGP and route policies, including how to configure route maps and policy-based routing to control path selection and maintain BGP community information.

The correct configuration for the BGP route policy named SUBNET, as per the second set of text in the image details, is to drop traffic if the destination is in BGP. Otherwise, the MED value should be set to 400 and community (4:400) should be added. This matches Option B, which specifies these exact actions. References := The information is based on the image details provided and aligns with common BGP route policy configurations typically found in Cisco’s service provider network core technologies documentation.

 In a Unified MPLS routing architecture with partitioned IGP domains, it is essential to ensure that the iBGP Labeled Unicast address families are correctly configured to facilitate the exchange of VPNv4 routes directly between PE routers. In this case, ABR R102 should be configured with the address family-level configuration depicted in Option A to support this architecture. This configuration ensures that R101 can peer with both R102 and R103, and similarly, R201 can peer with R202 and R203 using iBGP Labeled Unicast address families. References := Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies

In the Pipe model of MPLS QoS, the MPLS EXP bits are set by the Customer Edge (CE) device. This model allows the CE to mark the packets, and these markings are retained throughout the MPLS network until they reach the egress Provider Edge (PE) router. The PE router does not alter the MPLS EXP value, ensuring that the QoS policy applied by the customer is preserved end-to-end.

References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR)

Cisco Network Services Orchestrator (NSO) acts as a bridge between application or service owners and infrastructure owners, allowing each team to operate in their native environment while still collaborating effectively together. It simplifies service delivery and management by bridging the gap between applications and network devices

ervices-orchestrator/datasheet-c78-734576.html

Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) is a technology which multiplexes a number of optical carrier signals onto a single fiber [1], using different wavelengths of light to carry different signals. This allows for a greater capacity for data transfer and enables the addition of new wavelengths in a fiber-optic network

• https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/mpls-vpns/multiprotocol-label-switching-mpls/23986-mpls-vpns-config-example.html
• https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/mp_l3_vpns/configuration/15-mt/mp-l3-vpns-15-mt-book/mp-bgp-mpls-vpns.html

The Cisco MPLS TE forwarding adjacency feature allows a TE tunnel to be advertised into the IGP, effectively making the tunnel appear as a network link in the IGP topology. This integration helps in the optimal utilization of the TE tunnel by other routers for IP routing purposes.

Segment routing prefix segments are linked to a prefix SID that is globally unique within the segment routing domain. This means that each prefix SID identifies a specific prefix in the network and is unique across the entire segment routing-enabled domain, ensuring that the path to the prefix can be identified and used by any node within the domain1. References: Introduction to Segment Routing - Cisco Learning Network2, ASR9000/XR Introduction to Segment Routing - Cisco Community3, About Segment Routing - Cisco Content Hub

 In OSPF, the election of the designated router (DR) and backup designated router (BDR) is based on the OSPF network type. The network types include:

• Broadcast: This is the default network type for Ethernet interfaces. In a broadcast network, OSPF elects a DR and BDR. All other routers become DROTHERs. To prevent the election of a DR/BDR, you can configure the interface as non-broadcast (NBMA) using the ip ospf network non-broadcast command.
• Point-to-Point: This network type is used for point-to-point links (e.g., serial links). There is no DR/BDR election in point-to-point networks.
• Point-to-Multipoint: This network type is used for point-to-multipoint links (e.g., Frame Relay). There is no DR/BDR election in point-to-multipoint networks.
• Point-to-Multipoint Non-Broadcast: Similar to point-to-multipoint, but explicitly configured as non-broadcast. There is no DR/BDR election in point-to-multipoint non-broadcast networks.
• Loopback: Loopback interfaces are always treated as point-to-point.
• Virtual-Link: Used for OSPF virtual links.
• Sham-Link: Used for OSPF sham links.
• Demand Circuit: Used for demand circuits (e.g., ISDN).
• Non-Broadcast: Explicitly configured as non-broadcast. There is no DR/BDR election in non-broadcast networks.

References:

• Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) v1.0

 In a gRPC dial-in configuration, the encoding is specified by the client initiating the connection. This setup allows for connection multiplexing, which means multiple gRPC calls can be made concurrently over a single connection, improving efficiency. Two-way streaming is also facilitated, allowing both the client and server to send a sequence of messages to each other, providing a full-duplex communication channel.

• Configure an IP domain name: An IP domain name is essential for generating RSA keys needed for SSH. The RSA keys are part of the crypto key configuration, which is necessary to enable SSH on the router. This step ensures that users are authenticated via the SSH protocol when accessing the network remotely.
• Configure crypto keys: The crypto keys are crucial for secure communication. The engineer should generate RSA keys using the configured IP domain name. These keys will be used for encryption and authentication during SSH sessions.

The other options (B, D, and E) are not directly related to completing the SSH configuration for secure remote access. Therefore, the correct answers are A and C.

References:

• Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies

R1

R2

The available PHY modes to implement an IOS XR Gigabit Ethernet interface are MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) and WAN (Wide Area Network). References:

• Cisco IOS XR Software Configuration Guide
• Cisco ASR 9000 Series Aggregation Services Routers Interface and Hardware Component Configuration Guide
• Hr40wan - 10 Gigabit Ethernet WAN PHY Controller Commands on Cisco IOS XR
• 10-Gigabit Ethernet WAN PHY Controller Commands 

Remember that SSM is an extension of IP multicast where datagram traffic is forwarded only from explicitly joined multicast sources to receivers. It creates source-specific multicast distribution trees without shared trees.

References:

• Cisco PIM-SSM Configuration Example
• Cisco IP Multicast: PIM Configuration Guide

• The configuration in Option A is used to implement URPF in loose mode on the GigabitEthernet0/1 interface.
• Loose mode allows the router to check for any route back to the source, not necessarily the best route.
• By enabling URPF, the router ensures that incoming packets have a valid return path in the routing table.
• This helps prevent IP spoofing and limits malicious traffic on the network.

References:

• Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies
• On-Demand E-Learning

Here is the solution:

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The absence of routes learned by PE4 from PE5 in other PE routers’ routing tables is likely due to missing route target configurations. Route targets are crucial for importing and exporting VPN routes between VRFs in MPLS Layer 3 VPNs.

• Option D is correct because advertising the route targets for PE5 to the other PEs will allow them to import routes from PE5 into their respective VRFs, facilitating communication across the Layer 3 VPN.

References :=

• Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) source book and study guide.

RSVP (Resource Reservation Protocol) is used with MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching) traffic engineering tunnels primarily to reserve bandwidth along the path of the tunnel. This ensures that sufficient resources are allocated for the traffic to meet quality of service requirements, which is crucial for maintaining the performance of critical applications that traverse the network. References := For more information on RSVP and MPLS traffic engineering, refer to the Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) course materials, which provide detailed explanations on how these technologies work together to optimize network traffic1.

The keyword ‘none’ is essential in management plane security using TACACS to ensure that authentication can still succeed when the TACACS+ server is unreachable. This fallback mechanism allows network resources to remain accessible even if the TACACS+ server fails or becomes unreachable. References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) - Management Plane Security section.

In a multicampus network that supports video streaming, the engineer should configure the network to use IGMPv3. IGMPv3 is the version of IGMP that supports Source-Specific Multicast (SSM). SSM allows the receiver to specify the source of the multicast stream, which is particularly useful for video streaming applications. By using SSM, the network can efficiently deliver the video content from the specified source to the receivers without unnecessary traffic from other sources. References := Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) v1.01.

• To prevent packet loss when IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol) and LDP (Label Distribution Protocol) are not synchronized, enabling MPLS LDP IGP synchronization is crucial. This synchronization ensures that the IGP routing protocol (such as OSPF or IS-IS) waits until LDP convergence is completed before advertising labels for MPLS traffic. It helps maintain consistency between the IGP and LDP databases.
• References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies course materials.

MPLS LSP ping is a utility for locating faults within an MPLS network, specifically for Label Switched Paths (LSPs). It helps in verifying the LSPs in the MPLS network. The utility sends echo requests to the destination, and if the path is complete, echo replies are received. References := Cisco

Application, table Description automatically generated with medium confidence

 RFC 5305 extends the IS-IS protocol for traffic engineering by specifying new information that an Intermediate System (router) can place in Link State Protocol Data Units (LSPs). Sub-TLV type 10 of the extended IS-IS reachability TLV type 22 is used to specify the maximum reservable link bandwidth. This is an important parameter for traffic engineering as it defines the amount of bandwidth that can be reserved by traffic engineering algorithms for use in constrained-path computations for MPLS traffic engineering Label Switched Paths (LSPs). References: RFC 53051.

 In the given scenario, to ensure that area 15 traffic from R5 to R1 prefers the route through R4, a multiarea adjacency should be implemented on the link between R2 and R4. The cost can be manipulated to make this path preferred. Multiarea adjacency allows OSPF routers to form adjacencies with routers in other areas, enabling more direct routing of traffic. By adjusting the cost of this adjacency, traffic can be directed preferentially through specific paths.

References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) study guide or course materials available on Cisco’s official website or learning network store.

 In OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), the Hello interval is a critical parameter for OSPF neighbor formation. It defines the frequency at which Hello packets are sent on an OSPF interface. For two OSPF routers to become neighbors, they must have matching Hello and Dead intervals. In the provided configuration, Router 1 has a hello-interval of 1 second while Router 2 has a hello-interval of 2 seconds. Adjusting them to match will reestablish the OSPF neighbor relationship between Router 1 and Router 2. References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) - Cisco

For encrypted authentication on Router 1, the correct action is to configure an SNMP user with an authentication password and associate it with a group. Option B includes the use of MD5 authentication, which provides the required security for message confidentiality.

In this scenario, when edge routers at different regional sites are connected over a global carrier backbone, MP-eBGP must be run between routers to exchange customer VPNv4 routes. This is essential for enabling communication between customer sites located in different regions while utilizing a global carrier backbone service. References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies source documents or study guide

To direct traffic from R3 to R4 via R1, the weight attribute on R3 can be set higher for the route through R1 compared to other routes. Weight is a Cisco-specific BGP attribute that determines the preferred path when multiple routes to the same destination exist. It is local to the router on which it is configured and not advertised to other BGP peers.

References :=

• Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) course materials.

The neighbor relationship is down because R2 is operating as a Level 1 router and the two routers are in different areas. In the IS-IS (Intermediate System to Intermediate System) protocol, Level 1 routers exchange routing information with other Level 1 routers in the same area, while Level 2 routers exchange information between areas. Since R1 is configured as a level-2 router and R2 as a level-1 router, they cannot form a neighbor relationship if they are not in the same area. References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies source documents or study guide

In the given architecture, if each area is running its own Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP), Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) must be used to provide an end-to-end Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) Label Switched Path (LSP). This ensures that data packets can traverse through the different IGP areas seamlessly, maintaining connectivity across the entire network.

 The issue likely lies in the customer platforms’ default policy, which restricts E-BGP route exchange. References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) course materials.

 mVPN (Multicast Virtual Private Network) is designed to support the efficient transport of multicast streams across a Layer 3 VPN. It enables service providers to use their existing MPLS networks to transport multicast traffic, allowing for scalable and manageable multicast delivery without requiring a separate network infrastructure. References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies

Model-driven telemetry (MDT) in a service provider environment uses a push model to send data to network monitoring tools. This method is beneficial because it allows for the streaming of data from network devices to monitoring tools in real-time, using reliable transport mechanisms. This approach is more efficient than traditional polling methods like SNMP, as it can provide faster and more granular data updates, which is crucial for maintaining network performance and reliability123.

References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR)

In Cisco hardware, when a high bandwidth multicast stream is sent over a Multicast VPN (MVPN), a data Multicast Distribution Tree (MDT) is specifically created for that stream. This data MDT is used in addition to the default MDT, which is used for lower-bandwidth or control traffic. The purpose of the data MDT is to optimize the transmission of high-bandwidth streams through the core of the network, ensuring that the multicast traffic is only sent to those PE routers that have local receivers for the multicast group in question. This mechanism helps in efficiently using network resources and provides a scalable solution for transmitting high-bandwidth multicast streams.

References: The explanation is based on the concepts outlined in the Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) course, which covers the configuration, verification, troubleshooting, and optimization of Service Provider IP network infrastructures, including advanced topics like MVPN and MDTs

In MPLS Layer 3 VPNs, shared services such as Internet access can be provided through the use of a shared services VRF (Virtual Routing and Forwarding). The customer VRF uses route targets to import routes from the shared services VRF, which contains the routes to the Internet. This allows the customer sites to access the Internet without compromising the isolation of their private networks. References: The concept of shared services VRF and the use of route targets for importing and exporting routes are common practices in MPLS VPN implementations.

 The REST API command shown in the exhibit is a POST request to a specific URL, indicating that it is used to submit data to be processed to a specified resource. In this case, the resource is an XML file named “Descriptions.xml”. POST requests are used when submitting data to be processed by the resource identified by the URI. The nature of the process conducted on the submitted data depends on that particular URI. References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) - REST API section.

The OSPF adjacency issue between R1 and R2 is likely due to mismatched OSPF network types or hello/dead interval settings. The command ip ospf network point-to-point is used on point-to-point network types, which do not require matching hello/dead intervals, thus allowing OSPF adjacency to form even if these intervals are mismatched on the two routers. References: = Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies course materials. (

Flexible NetFlow improves on traditional NetFlow by providing more flexibility and efficiency in collecting and analyzing network flow data. In this specific configuration, the “mode random one-out-of-100” command is used, which means that only one out of every 100 packets is sampled. This leads to reduced CPU and memory utilization (Option A) because fewer packets are being processed. Additionally, because fewer packets are being analyzed (only one out of every 100), the number of packets to be analyzed is significantly reduced (Option D), leading to further efficiencies.

References :=

• Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies
• On-Demand E-Learning

 The number “2” in the SNMP server configuration “snmp-server community ciscotest ro 2” refers to the numeric name of the Access Control List (ACL) that contains the list of SNMP managers with access to the agent. In this context, “ro” stands for read-only access, meaning that SNMP managers can only read but not modify data on the device. The ACL identified by number “2” specifies which SNMP managers are authorized to access SNMP data on this device using the community string “ciscotest”.

References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies source documents or study guide.

 The Network Services Orchestrator (NSO) is designed to allow service providers to automate network operations efficiently. It provides a single, well-defined API that enables integration across various network environments. NSO’s capabilities include zero-touch telemetry, machine learning intuition, open APIs, and automated actions, which facilitate a simpler and more efficient network operation experience. This makes it an ideal choice for service providers looking to plan, optimize, and achieve closed-loop operations within their networks.

References := The information is based on the Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) training and certification resources, which offer a deep dive into service provider technologies, including core architecture, services, networking, automation, quality of services, security, and network assurance123.

• A. Reconnect Timeout field: Specifies the time within which the LDP session should be reestablished after a failure.
• C. Graceful restart capability in OPEN message: Indicates that the router supports LDP graceful restart and is capable of maintaining its MPLS forwarding state across a control plane failure.
• D. Recovery Time field: Specifies the time that the router will maintain the MPLS forwarding state while it attempts to reestablish LDP sessions.

In ISIS, routers can form neighbor relationships even with different system IDs, provided they are configured to be in the same area and the authentication between them is correctly set up.

References: For the most accurate answer, please consult the Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) course materials and the official Cisco documentation on ISIS configuration.

To collect the required traffic statistics, the network engineer must configure the router to capture specific data points. The configurations in Option A and Option D align with these requirements. Option A involves configuring the router to collect IPv4 protocol, source address, destination address, application name, interface output, IPv4 source-prefix, IPv4 destination-prefix, counter bytes, flow direction, and transport tcp-flags. Option D involves setting the cache-period timer active to 20 seconds, which aligns with the CPU limit of processing samples that are a maximum of 20 seconds long.

References := Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) v1.0

 In a multi-vendor environment with PIM-SM, the Bootstrap Router (BSR) mechanism is used for devices to dynamically learn the Rendezvous Point (RP). BSR is a protocol feature that automates the dissemination of RP information in a PIM domain. This feature allows routers to automatically discover the RP set in use, which simplifies configuration and management compared to static RP configurations or Auto-RP. References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies source documents or study guide

In a multivendor network environment, it is essential to configure OSPF NSF with the IETF standard to ensure compatibility across different vendor devices. The command router ospf 1 nsf ietf enables OSPF NSF capability using the IETF standard, which facilitates uninterrupted forwarding during a route processor switchover.

References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) - OSPF Nonstop Forwarding section.

The correct configuration for MPLS LDP synchronization with OSPF process 1 on router R1 is to use the command mpls ldp igp sync holddown 60 under the OSPF process configuration. This ensures that the MPLS LDP synchronization is enabled and held for 60 seconds with OSPF process 1, which helps prevent black holes in MPLS networks during the convergence process by ensuring that routes are not advertised until LDP is fully operational and labels have been exchanged between adjacent routers.

References:

• Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) - Cisco SPCOR
• Additional resources on Cisco’s Service Provider training: Cisco Service Provider Training

SNMPv3 is the most secure version of SNMP, providing both security and remote configuration capabilities. The current configuration in the exhibit shows SNMP version 2c, which is less secure. SNMPv3 introduces security features such as authentication, privacy (encryption), and access control to address the vulnerabilities associated with earlier versions of SNMP. By re-configuring to use SNMPv3, the network administrator can enhance the security for SNMP for this configuration. References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) - Cisco SPCOR Training & Certification

• Option A corresponds to the desired configuration. It uses an access-list to permit IGMP joins for the specific multicast group 239.10.10.10 from the source 172.20.20.3.
• Options B, C, and D do not match the desired configuration. They either allow all IGMP traffic or do not specify the correct source and group addresses.

References: Implementing and Operating Cisco Service Provider Network Core Technologies (SPCOR) source book