HP HPE6-A85 Aruba Certified Campus Access Associate Exam Exam Practice Test

ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) is used by network devices to send error and operational information related to IP communications. It is used to send messages like "destination unreachable" or "time exceeded" when there are issues in IP communication

a) Alerts on config changes via email - Foundation b) Group-based firmware compliance - Foundation c) Heat maps of deployed APs - Advanced d) Live upgrades of an AOS10 cluster - Advanced

According to the Aruba Central Licensing Guide1, the Foundation License provides basic device management features such as configuration, monitoring, alerts, reports, firmware management, etc. The Advanced License provides additional features such as AI insights, WLAN services, NetConductor Fabric, heat maps, live upgrades, etc.

Layer: 1) Physical layer Phase of Message Processing: d) Organize the data into bits

Layer: 2) Data Link layer Phase of Message Processing: c) Organize the data into frames

Layer: 3) Network layer Phase of Message Processing: b) Organize the data into packets

Layer: 4) Transport layer Phase of Message Processing: a) Organize the data into segments

The OSI model divides the networking process into seven layers, each representing a different step of the transmission chain. Each layer has its own function and is responsible for well-defined tasks. User data passes sequentially from the highest layer down through the lower layers until the device transmits it externally. The lowest layer, the physical layer, converts the data into bits that can be sent over a physical medium. The second layer, the data link layer, organizes the bits into frames that can be transmitted over a link between two nodes. The third layer, the network layer, organizes the frames into packets that can be routed across a network of nodes. The fourth layer, the transport layer, organizes the packets into segments that can provide reliable and error-free communication between two end points12. References: 1 2

An AP signal strength of .0000001 milliwatts is equivalent to -80 dBm. The dBm scale is logarithmic, with every 10 dBm representing a tenfold increase or decrease in power. A signal strength of 1 milliwatt (mW) is 0 dBm, so a signal strength of .0000001 mW is 80 decibels less than 1 mW, which is -80 dBm.

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Wireless client roaming decisions are made by the client device based on its own criteria, such as signal strength, noise level, data rate, etc. The network can influence the client’s roaming decision by providing information such as neighbor reports, load balancing, band steering, etc., but the final decision is up to the client.References:

Wireless client roaming decisions are primarily made by the client device itself. The client device monitors the signal strength and quality of the current connection and decides to roam to a different Access Point (AP) when the current signal deteriorates below a certain threshold or a better option is available. While APs and controllers can provide information and support for roaming decisions through protocols like 802.11k and 802.11v, the ultimate decision to roam is made by the client device based on its algorithms and thresholds.

In an AOS-CX switch, if the QoS trust mode is not configured, it is set to none by default. The VoIP phones will mark their traffic with a local-priority value, which, if the QoS trust mode is none, will correspond to CoS map entry 1 by default. The local-priority value of 1 at the branch office likely indicates that the traffic is not being prioritized correctly compared to the corporate office, where a local-priority of 5 suggests a higher level of prioritization for voice traffic.

MSTP Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol. MSTP is an IEEE standard protocol for preventing loops in a network with multiple VLANs. MSTP allows multiple VLANs to be mapped to a reduced number of spanning-tree instances. configuration ID consists of two parameters: name and revision. The name is a 32-byte ASCII string that identifies the MSTP region, which is a group of switches that share the same configuration ID and VLAN-to-instance mapping. The revision is a 16-bit number that indicates the version of the configuration ID. By default, the MSTP configuration ID name is set to the switch IMC address, which is a unique identifier derived from the MAC address Media Access Control address. MAC address is a unique identifier assigned to a network interface controller (NIC) for use as a network address in communications within a network segment. of the switch.References:

In Aruba Central, during the creation of a device configuration group, users can define various types of groups to manage and apply configurations to devices centrally. Among the options, "Template group" and "Default group" are valid types. A "Template group" allows the definition of configuration settings in a template format, which can be applied to multiple devices or device groups, ensuring consistency and efficiency in configurations across the network. A "Default group" is typically a predefined group in Aruba Central that applies a basic or initial set of configurations to devices that are not assigned to any other specific group. This helps in initial provisioning and management of devices. The other options, such as "Security group," "UIgroup," and "ESP group," are not standard group types defined in Aruba Central for device configuration purposes.

Manual switch provisioning in Aruba Central can be done without relying on DNS services, but it does require DHCP to assign IP addresses to the switches. DHCP is essential for the switches to obtain an IP address, which is necessary for them to communicate within the network and with Aruba Central for management and configuration purposes. DNS, on the other hand, is not strictly required for manual provisioning as direct IP addresses or other methods can be used to connect to Aruba Central or other management interfaces.

A stateful firewall would intelligently deny traffic from a hacker attempting to alter a user's 3-Way Handshake to gain access to their session. Stateful firewalls keep track of the state of active connections and can recognize if an incoming packet is part of an established session. This allows them to detect and block unauthorized access attempts that do not match the known state of a connection.

Using the provided topology and show command output, it can be determined that L3-SW-2 in the Branch Office does not have a route to reach the subnet where PC1 resides (192.168.1.0/24 in the HQ Office). L3-SW-1 in the HQ Office has a route to the Branch Office subnet (172.16.1.0/24), but without the reciprocal route on L3-SW-2, traffic from the Branch Office will not be able to reach the HQ Office subnet, hence PC1 cannot ping PC2.

Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP) is a network protocol that provides automatic assignment of available Internet Protocol (IP) routers to participating hosts. VRRP sends its messages over multicast for communication among routers for the election process of the master and advertisement of the virtual IP address.

To troubleshoot an Aruba CX 6200 switch that is failing to boot correctly, accessing the switch via the RJ-45 console port on any of its member switches provides direct access to the switch's console for troubleshooting. This method allows a network technician to interact with the boot process, view boot messages, and access boot options, including the selection of different OS images or ServiceOS for recovery purposes.

The ideal mounting position for a typical Aruba indoor AP is horizontally, below a suspended ceiling. This positioning takes advantage of the AP's antenna radiation pattern and helps provide optimal wireless coverage and performance within the indoor environment.

Signal to noise ratio (SNR) is a measure that compares the level of a desired signal to the level of background noise. SNR is defined as the ratio of signal power to the noise power, often expressed in decibels (dB). A high SNR means that the signal is clear and easy to detect or interpret, while a low SNR means that the signal is corrupted or obscured by noise and may be difficult to distinguish or recover1. When the signal from an AP Access Point. AP is a device that allows wireless devices to connect to a wired network using Wi-Fi, or related standards. weakens by being absorbed as it moves through an object, such as a wall or a furniture, the signal power decreases. This reduces the SNR and affects the quality of the wireless connection. The noise power may also increase due to interference from other sources, such as other APs or devices operating in the same frequency band2. Therefore, the correct answer is that SNR decreases when the signal from an AP weakens by being absorbed as it moves through an object. References: 1 2

These commands might help troubleshoot this issue as they check various aspects of the connectivity between the edge switch and the core switch, such as Layer 3 reachability, Layer 2 adjacency, LACP configuration and status, VLAN trunking configuration, and interface status.References:

The part of WPA Key Hierarchy that is used to encrypt and/or decrypt data is Pairwise Temporal Key (PTK). PTK is a key that is derived from PMK Pairwise Master Key (PMK) is a key that is derived from PSK Pre-shared Key (PSK) is a key that is shared between two parties before communication begins , ANonce Authenticator Nonce (ANonce) is a random number generated by an authenticator (a device that controls access to network resources, such as an AP) , SNonce Supplicant Nonce (SNonce) is a random number generated by supplicant (a device that wants to access network resources, such as an STA) , AA Authenticator Address (AA) is MAC address of authenticator , SA Supplicant Address (SA) is MAC address of supplicant using Pseudo-Random Function (PRF). PTK consists of four subkeys:

KCK Key Confirmation Key (KCK) is used for message integrity check

KEK Key Encryption Key (KEK) is used for encryption key distribution

TK Temporal Key (TK) is used for data encryption

MIC Message Integrity Code (MIC) key

The subkey that is specifically used for data encryption is TK Temporal Key (TK). TK is also known as Pairwise Transient Key (PTK). TK changes periodically during communication based on time or number of packets transmitted.

The other options are not part of WPA Key Hierarchy because:

PMK: PMK is not part of WPA Key Hierarchy, but rather an input for deriving PTK.

KCK: KCK is part of WPA Key Hierarchy, but it is not used for data encryption, but rather for message integrity check.

Nonce: Nonce is not part of WPA Key Hierarchy, but rather an input for deriving PTK.

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In Aruba Central during group creation, users can define various configuration groups to manage settings for multiple devices. A Security group allows you to apply consistent security settings across devices, and a Template group enables you to apply pre-defined configurations to devices. These groups help streamline the deployment and management of network devices in Aruba Central.

Features: 1) Clustered Instant Access Points Aruba OS version: a) Aruba OS 8

Features: 2) Dynamic Radius Proxy Aruba OS version: a) Aruba OS 8

Features: 3) Scales to more than 10,000 devices Aruba OS version: b) Aruba OS 10

Features: 4) Unifies wired and wireless management Aruba OS version: a) Aruba OS 8 

Features: 5) Wireless controllers Aruba OS version: a) Aruba OS 8

ArubaOS is the operating system for all Aruba Mobility Controllers (MCs) and controller-managed wireless access points (APs). ArubaOS 8 delivers unified wired and wireless access, seamless roaming, enterprise grade security, and a highly available network with the required reliability to support high density environments1. Some of the features of ArubaOS 8 are:

Clustered Instant Access Points: This feature allows multiple Instant APs to form a cluster and share configuration and state information. This enables seamless roaming, load balancing, and fast failover for clients2.

Dynamic Radius Proxy: This feature allows an MC to act as a proxy for RADIUS authentication requests from clients or APs. This simplifies the configuration and management of RADIUS servers and reduces the network traffic between MCs and RADIUS servers3.

Wireless controllers: Aruba wireless controllers are devices that centrally manage and control the wireless network. They provide functions such as AP provisioning, configuration, security, policy enforcement, and network optimization.

ArubaOS 10 is the next-generation operating system that works with Aruba Central, a cloud-based network management platform. ArubaOS 10 delivers greater scalability, security, and AI-powered optimization across large campuses, branches, and remote work environments. Some of the features of ArubaOS 10 are:

Scales to more than 10,000 devices: ArubaOS 10 can support up to 10,000 devices per cluster, which is ten times more than ArubaOS 8. This enables customers to scale their networks without compromising performance or reliability.

Unifies wired and wireless management: ArubaOS 10 provides a single platform for managing both wired and wireless devices across the network. Customers can use Aruba Central to configure, monitor, troubleshoot, and update their devices from anywhere.

Both ArubaOS 8 and ArubaOS 10 share some common features, such as:

Unifies wired and wireless management: Both operating systems provide unified wired and wireless access for customers who use Aruba switches and APs. Customers can use a single interface to manage their entire network infrastructure1 . References: 1 2 3

LLDP (Link Layer Discovery Protocol) is commonly used by network devices, including wireless access points, to negotiate PoE (Power over Ethernet) power levels with the switch they are connected to. This allows the access point to communicate its power requirements to ensure it receives the necessary power for optimal operation.

The command that is used to set a default route to 10.4.5.1 on an Aruba CX switch when in-band management using an SVI is being used is ip route 0.0 0 0/0 10.4.5.1 . This command specifies the destination network address (0.0 0 0) and prefix length (/0) and the next-hopaddress (10.4.5.1) for reaching any network that is not directly connected to the switch. The default route applies to the default VRF Virtual Routing and Forwarding. VRF is a technology that allows multiple instances of a routing table to co-exist within the same router at the same time. VRFs are typically used to segment network traffic for security, privacy, or administrative purposes. , which is used for in-band management traffic that goes through an SVI Switch Virtual Interface. SVI is a virtual interface on a switch that allows the switch to route packets between different VLANs on the same switch or different switches that are connected by a trunk link. An SVI is associated with a VLAN and has an IP address and subnet mask assigned to it12. References: 1 2 

A static route is a route that is manually configured on a router or switch and does not change unless it is modified by an administrator. Static routes are used to specify how traffic should reach specific destinations that are not directly connected to the device or that are not reachable by dynamic routing protocols. In Aruba CX switches, static routes can be configured using the ip route command in global configuration mode. Based on the “show ip route” output on an Aruba CX 8400 switch, the route “10.1 20 0/24, vrf default via 10.1.12.2, [1/0]” is a static route because it has an administrative distance of 1 and a metric of 0, which are typical values for static routes. References:

A solid amber radio status LED on an Aruba Access Point (AP) typically indicates a power issue, specifically that not enough Power over Ethernet (PoE) is being provided from the switch to fully power all functionalities of the AP, including both of its radios. In environments where APs are powered via PoE, it is crucial to ensure that the switch supplying the power is capable of delivering sufficient power for the AP's requirements. If the AP does not receive enough power, it may disable certain features or radios to conserve energy, which is indicated by the solid amber LED. This situation is common in scenarios where the switch provides only 802.3af PoE rather than the more powerful 802.3at PoE+ needed by some high-performance APs to operate all features, including dual radios, at full capacity.

In large logistic facilities, to ensure comprehensive monitoring and performance analysis, it's recommended to place a User Experience Insight (UXI) sensor in every aisle. This allows for detailed and specific monitoring of network performance across the extensive coverage area of such facilities.

The 802.1x authentication process begins after the client device completes the 802.11 association with the access point but before the WPA 4-Way Handshake. This is part of the EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) process, which authenticates the device before allowing full network access.

Performing a hard reset on an Aruba CX switch typically involves pressing and holding the reset button for a specified amount of time, such as 5 seconds, and then releasing it. This action will initiate a reboot of the switch and return it to factory default settings, including the credentials.

The Aruba CX 6300 Series is an ideal access switch for medium to high-density client environments, offering a range of models that can accommodate various port densities and types. For a distribution rack supporting 200-380 clients, printers, and APs, the CX 6300 provides the necessary port density and performance capabilities, including high-speed uplinks, support for Class 4 PoE (PoE+), and stacking capabilities. This series is cost-effective and designed for enterprises requiring reliable connectivity and consistent performance. The other options, such as the CX 6400, CX 6200, and CX 6000, may either be over-specified and more expensive (CX 6400), not offer the necessary port density (CX 6200), or not exist in the product line (CX 6000).

For "headless" devices that lack 802.1X support, Multi-Preshared Keys (mPSK) provide a more secure alternative to WPA2-Personal, which uses a single preshared key. mPSK allows for the assignment of unique PSKs to devices or groups of devices, which enhances security by not sharing a single PSK across multiple devices.